Direct-Indirect Speech

DIRECT SPEECH - INDIRECT SPEECH
1.Meaning
a. Direct Speech
Direct Speech is sentence which is said directly by speaker.
b. Indirect Speech
Indirect Speech is one way to show what another person or speaker has told directly for such a statement, question, or another remark to change that discussion format so those kind of statements become clear, natural, and efficient to the listeners

2.Function
The function of indirect speech is to tell or report back someone's remark without changing the meaning or content of speaker's words.The changing from direct form to indirect form results a changing on adverb, article, modal as allow:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Here	There
Last month / year	The month / year before, the preceding month / year, the previous month / year
Next month / year	A month / year later, the following month / year, the next month / year
Now	At that time, then
Today	That day
Tomorrow	A day later, the following / next day
Yesterday	The day before, the previous day
Two days / weeks ago	Two days / weeks before, two days / weeks earlier

Modification of Verb
Modification of verb from direct to indirect speech may change verb to become 'to infinitive'. This changing is applied for reporting imperatives (commands). furthermore, generally verb tense (present or future, including modal) is changed to become past form. These are the following details:

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present	Simple Past	Will	Would
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Must, have to	Had to
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	May (permission)	Could, might
Future (am / is / are going to)	Was / were going to	Shall	Should (ask for advice), would (simple future)
Simple Past	Past Perfect	May (possibility)	Might
Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous	Can	could

3. Examples of Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

a. Positive Form

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present	He said, “I always watch the UEFA Champions League.”	He said that he always watched the UEFA Champions League.
Present Continuous	He said me, “I am watching the UEFA Champions League now.”	He said me that he was watching the UEFA Champions League then.
Present Perfect	He said me, “I have already watched the UEFA Champions League.”	He said me that he had already watched the UEFA Champions League.
Simple Past	He said me, “I watched the UEFA Champions League last night.”	He said me that he had watched the UEFA Champions League the night before.
Past Continuous	He said me, “I was watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock this morning.”	He said me that he had been watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock that morning.
Past Perfect	He said me, “I had watched the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock yesterday morning.”	-
Past Future	He said me, “I would watch the UEFA Champions League .”	He said me that he would have watched the UEFA Champions League.

b. Negative Form

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present	He said me, “I don’t always watch the UEFA Champions League.”	He said me that he didn’t always watch the UEFA Champions League.
Present Continuous	He said me, “I am not watching the UEFA Champions League now.”	He said me that he wasn’t watching the UEFA Champions League then.
Present Perfect	He said me, “I haven’t already watched the UEFA Champions League .”	He said me that he hadn’t already watched the UEFA Champions League.
Simple Past	He said me, “I didn’t watch the UEFA Champions League last night.”	He said me that he hadn’t watched the UEFA Champions League the night before.
Past Continuous	He said me, “I wasn’t watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock this morning.”	He said me that he hadn’t been watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock that morning.
Past Perfect	He said me, “I hadn’t watched the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock yesterday.”	-
Past Future	He said me, “I wouldn’t watch the UEFA Champions League.”	He said me that he wouldn’t have watched the UEFA Champions League.

c. Yes-no Question Form

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present	He asked me, “Do you always watch the UEFA Champions League?”	He asked me if I always watched the UEFA Champions League.
Present Continuous	He asked me, “Are you watching the UEFA Champions League now?”	He asked me if I was watching the UEFA Champions League now.
Present Perfect	He asked me, “Have you already watched the UEFA Champions League?”	He asked me whether I have already watched the UEFA Champions League.
Simple Past	He asked me, “Did you watch the UEFA Champions League last night?”	He asked me whether I had watched the UEFA Champions League the night before.
Past Continuous	He asked me, “were you watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock this morning?”	He asked me whether I had been watching the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock that morning.
Past Perfect	He asked me, “Had you watched the UEFA Champions League at 02.45 o’clock yesterday morning?”	-
Past Future	He asked me, “would you watch the UEFA Champions League?”	He asked me if I would have watched the UEFA Champions League.

d. Wh- Question Form

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple Present	He asked me, “Why do you always watch the UEFA Champions League?”	He asked me why I always watched the UEFA Champions League.
Present Continuous	He asked me, “What are you looking at?”	He asked me what I was looking at.
Present Perfect	He asked me, “What have you already done?”	He asked me what I had already done.
Simple Past	He asked me, “Why did you miss the UEFA Champions League last night?”	He asked me why I had missed the UEFA Champions League last night.
Past Continuous	He asked me, “What kind of match were you watching at 02.45 o’clock last night?”	He asked me what kind of match I had been watching at 02.45 o’clock the night before.
Past Perfect	He asked me, “What had you watched at 02.45 this morning?”	-
Past Future	He asked me, “What would you do after watching the UEFA Champions League?”	He asked me what I would have done after watching the UEFA Champions League.

e. Imperative Form

Function	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Command	He ordered me, “Watch the UEFA Champions League!”	He said me to watch the UEFA Champions League.
	He said me, “Don’t be missed the UEFA Champions League!”	He said me not to be missed the UEFA Champions League.
Prohibition	He said me, “Watch Out!”	He said me to watch out.
	He said me, “don’t touch me!”	He said me not to touch him.
Advice	He said me, “Don’t be lazy to study.”	He said me not to be lazy to study
Instruction	He told me, “go straight ahead then turn right.”	He told me to go straight ahead then turn right.
Request	He said me, “don’t leave me alone.”	He said me not to leave him alone.

SOSIOLOGI

1. HAKEKAT SOSIOLOGI
Hakikat sosiologi sebagai ilmu pengetahuan sebagai berikut:

• Sosiologi adalah ilmu sosial, bukan ilmu pengetahuan alam atau ilmu pasti (eksakta) karena yang dipelajari adalah gejala-gejala kemasyarakatan.
• Sosiologi termasuk disiplin ilmu kategori, bukan merupakan disiplin ilmu normatif karena sosiologi membatasi diri pada apa yang terjadi, bukan apa yang seharusnya terjadi.
• Sosiologi termasuk ilmu pengetahuan murni (pure science) dan dalam perkembangannya sosiologi menjadi ilmu pengetahuan terapan (applied science).
• Sosiologi merupakan ilmu pengetahuan abstrak dan bukan ilmu pengetahuan konkret. Artinya yang menjadi perhatian adalah bentuk dan pola peristiwa dalam masyarakat secara menyeluruh, bukan hanya peristiwa itu sendiri.
• Sosiologi bertujuan menghasilkan pengertian dan pola-pola umum, serta mencari prinsip-prinsip dan hukum-hukum umum dari interaksi manusia, sifat, hakikat, bentuk, isi, dan struktur masyarakat manusia.
• Sosiologi merupakan ilmu pengetahuan yang empiris dan rasional. Hal ini menyangkut metode yang digunakan.
• Sosiologi merupakan ilmu pengetahuan umum, artinya sosiologi mempunyai gejala-gejala umum yang ada pada interaksi antara manusia.

Sumber: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi

2. OBJEK SOSIOLOGI

Objek sosiologi adalah masyarakat yang dilihat dari sudut hubungan antarmanusia dan proses yang timbul dari hubungan manusia di dalam masyarakat. Sosiologi memfokusan diri dari pada hubungan-hubungan antarmanusia dan proses yang timbul dari hubungan-hubungan tersebut dalam masyarakat. Sumber: http://hedisasrawan.blogspot.com/2013/04/objek-sosiologi-artikel-lengkap.html

• Objek material sosiologi adalah kehidupan sosial, gejala-gejala dan proses hubungan antara manusia yang memengaruhi kesatuan manusia itu sendiri.
• Objek formal sosiologi lebih ditekankan pada manusia sebagai makhluk sosial atau masyarakat. Dengan demikian objek formal sosiologi adalah hubungan manusia antara manusia serta proses yang timbul dari hubungan manusia di dalam masyarakat.
• Objek budaya salah satu faktor yang dapat memengaruhi hubungan satu dengan yang lain.
• Objek agama. Pengaruh dari objek dari agama ini dapat menjadi pemicu dalam hubungan sosial masyarakat, dan banyak juga hal-hal ataupun dampak yang memengaruhi hubungan manusia. 

3. KONSEP SOSIOLOGI
Konsep – konsep dasar yang dikenal dalam sosiologi sebagai ilmu, yaitu sebagai berikut :

• Interaksi sosial
• Kelompok sosial
• Kebudayaan
• Lembaga sosial
• Lapisan sosial
• Kekuasaan dan wewenang
• Perubahan sosial

Sumber: http://www.kedipmata.com/konsep-konsep-dasar-sosiologi/

Beberapa konsep dasar sosiologi menurut para sosiolog. 
1. G.A. Lunberg:Sosiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tingkah laku sosial orang-seorang dan kelompok.
2. Roucek and Warren:Sosialogi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan timbal-balik antar manusia dalam masyarakat. 
3. Bierens De Haan:Sosiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari pergaulan hidup manusia dalam masyarakat.
4.  Prof. Selo Soemardjan:Sosiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur sosial,proses sosial,

dan perubahan-perubahan sosial.Struktur sosial adalah keseluruhan jalinan antara unsur-

unsur sosial yang pokok,yaitu kaidah-kaidah sosial,lembaga-lembaga sosial,kelompok-

kelompok sosial,dan lapisan soial.Proses sosial adalah pengaruh timbal-balik dari berbagai

segi kehidupan sosial (ekonomi dan politik,hukum,dan agama).

5. Pitirim A.Sorokin:Sosialogi adalah ilmu yang me,pelajari hubungan dan pengaruh timbal

balik antara aneka macam gejala sosial,hubungan dan pengaruh gejala sosial dengan non

sosial,dan ciri-ciri umum dari semua jenis gejala sosial.

6. Auguste Comte (Bapak Sosiologi):Sosiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari interaksi manusia

di dalam masyarakat (antarndividu,antar individu dan kelompok,dan antara kelompok

dan kelompok.

7. Anthony Giddens:Sosiologi adalah studi tentang kehidupan sosial antar manusia,kelompok,

dan masyarakat.

sumber: http://ebdi-aditama.blogspot.com/